Vale’s longstanding reputation as a bad corporate actor was tragically re-confirmed on 25 January 2019, when a tailings dam at the Córrego do Feijão iron ore mine suffered a catastrophic failure. The dam collapsed, releasing a wave of toxic mud that inundated houses in a rural area near the city of Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil.) Images and videos of the disaster shocked the world. Grief quickly turned to anger as reports emerged that the alarm system, designed to alert townspeople in case of danger, had not gone off. Vale had previously been warned that the dam’s risk of collapse was twice that allowed by internal guidelines. At least 231 people died as a result of the collapse and another 40 continue to be declared “missing” as of April 18, 2019.

The Brumadinho disaster was particularly appalling in light of a similar catastrophe at a mine, co-owned by Vale, just three years earlier in Mariana (Minas Gerais, Brazil.) An iron ore tailings dam collapsed, destroying the village of Bento Rodrigues in the ensuing flood. 19 people died and hundreds were displaced. Around 60 million cubic meters of toxic waste flowed into the Doce River, affecting millions living near and depending on the river basin, including fisherman and indigenous groups. Eventually, the torrent of sludge reached the Atlantic Ocean, where communities were forced to close their beaches as a result of the contamination. Reports similarly told of warnings received – and ignored – by the company prior to the collapse.

These two shocking tragedies have cemented Vale’s atrocious record. During the past few years, a litany of serious problems have emerged at its sites, to the point where groups have formed a transnational coalition, The International Movement of People Affected by Vale. Below are some of the practices that earned Vale the Public Eye Award from various civil society groups in 2012 – an award given annually to the company that shows the greatest "contempt for the environment and human rights" in the world:

• Vale displaced at least 200 families to develop the S11D iron ore mine, located in Pará, Brazil. In 1996, state police massacred 19 protestors against the company in Eldorado de Carajás. The protestors were part of an ongoing dispute between the company and the Landless Workers’ Movement over the eviction of landless farmers. Vale paid for buses to transport the police who carried out the massacre.The railway used to transport the iron ore has been expanded, worsening the impacts on communities, which include threats to forests used by Indigenous people for hunting, respiratory problems, noise pollution, cracked houses and the lack of safety on crossings. In 2016, members of the Awá tribe blockaded the train line to demand the company attend to their concerns;
• Vale was a significant shareholder in and driver of the Belo Monte Dam project, located on the Xingu River in the Amazon. The hydroelectric megadam has faced fierce resistance from social movements and indigenous peoples for over 20 years, becoming a global symbol of environmental injustice for the damage wrought by its construction and operation;
• Vale is facing several legal complaints about community rights violations related to its Moatize Coal Project in Mozambique. Between 2009 and early 2010, Vale's operations in the area displaced more than 1,360 families who now suffer from widespread food and water insecurity. The construction of the Moatize coalmine cost nearly 800 brickmakers (oleiros) their livelihoods. In April 2013, protestors, unhappy with the company's compensation, blockaded access to the mine. Vale summoned local authorities who, according to local witnesses, dispersed the crowd by shooting protestors with rubber bullets;
• Vale's charcoal producing unit in Açailândia, Brazil, has been linked to life-threatening respiratory illnesses. The unit's 70 charcoal ovens produce a significant amount of smoke that endangers worker and public health in the region.

The Xicrin indigenous people have been strongly impacted by the Onça Puma mine. In September 2017, a court ordered Vale to stop all activities at the mine immediately, until it had fulfilled all the legal requirements regarding compensation to the affected indigenous communities. In June 2019 Vale was found to still be operating the mine, despite the ruling. The court doubled the fine that had previously been imposed, to USD 52,000 a day that the company would continue operating.

The human devastation caused by Vale’s polluting practices are compounded by the company’s terrible environmental track record on other fronts:

• The S11D mine was constructed inside the Carajás National Forest and puts the canga (a type of savannah) ecosystem at risk. Steel companies located around Carajás also use massive amounts of wood fuel, requiring heavy logging and planting of non-native eucalyptus. These plantations are known as "green deserts" due to their extremely low biodiversity;
• Vale has been ordered to repair environmental damage it caused with its bauxite pipeline which damaged the livelihoods of 788 families;
• Federal prosecutors in Rio De Janeiro (Brazil) suspended Vale’s dredging operations in 2018 after 200 grey-eared dolphins died.
• The Onça Puma mine in Pará was implemented without complying with the environmental legislations, according to the Federal Public Prosecutor's office. It has contaminated the Cateté river with heavy metals and strongly impacted the life of the Xicrin indigenous people (see human rights).