Impacts from air pollution: Production of wood pellets for biomass is associated with air pollution and wood dust pollution. Long-term exposure to wood dust is linked to allergic and non-allergic respiratory and nasal disease and with dermatitis as well as two rare cancers. Studies have focussed on occupational exposure, however people living close to pellet plants can be exposed to significant levels of wood dust over long periods. 

A peer-reviewed study published in 2018 showed that pellet plants in the southeastern USA were 50% more likely to be located in Environmental Justice communities, i.e. communities with a high level of poverty and a large percentage of non-white people. Since 2018, the Southern Environmental Law Center has documented 69 separate enforcement actions against pellet mills in the region for violations of environmental (mostly Clean Air Act) regulations, as well as  a citizen enforcement lawsuit, which included a $683,000 fine and an additional $200,000 in stipulated penalties. They also documented 20 fines for violations of worker health and safety standards.

The upfront CO2 emissions from burning wood are least as high as those from burning coal (per unit of energy). When trees are logged, the amount of carbon stored in a forest, and the ability of a forest to sequester more carbon dioxide are severely reduced for a period of several decades. This is far longer than the time left to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas levels in order to avoid the worst of the climate crisis.  Hundreds of scientists have pointed out that burning wood from logged trees cannot be compatible with the need to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees. 

Even with future carbon capture, the climate impacts of removing many millions of tonnes of wood from forests, pelletising them and shipping them to the Netherlands  would still be severe, as summarised here by NRDC. The European Academies Sciences Advisory Council) warns: “In view of the leakage of GHG [greenhouse gases]  in the production, treatment and extended transport supply chains of existing large power station usage, the science does not support the conversion of existing large-scale forest biomass power stations to BECCS [Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage)”.

In the southeastern USA, wood pellets are routinely produced from the clearcutting of mature hardwood forests in a region designated as a global biodiversity hotspot. Large quantities of mature trees go into pellet production.  Logging causes serious harm to animal and plant species that depend on those forest habitats, many of which are endemic species, i.e. not found anywhere else in the wild.

A proportion of pellets made in the region comes from monoculture Loblolly pine plantations. There has been a long-term trend of replacing biodiverse hardwood forests with industrial pine monocultures. The forest conservation NGO Dogwood Alliance has described those plantations as “orderly rows as far as they eye can see like a cornfield, regular spraying of fertilisers and herbicides, and plantations are so quiet because they’re almost devoid of wildlife”. Furthermore, monoculture pine plantations are more prone to effects from drought and cannot regulate the water cycle in the way forest ecosystems can.

Two Malaysian pellet producers have obtained Sustainable Biomass Program (SBP) certificates of compliance with EU sustainability criteria for biomass energy: Rainbow Pellets, who operate a pellet plant in Johor which uses wood from rubber plantations, and TreeOne MegaPellet, a subsidiary of the palm oil and timber conglomerate Samling Group, who produce pellets from eucalyptus and acacia plantations in northern Sarawak. SBP certification is indicative of exports to the EU, and no other EU member states has been importing wood pellets from that country. 

During 2024, the Netherlands received 20.000 tonnes of wood pellets from Bintulu in Sarawak, the closest port to the TreeOne MegaPellet plant. According to the SBP certificate for that plant, the wood comes from four tree plantations, one of them “Marudi Licensed Planted Forest LPF0008”. According to a report published by the NGO Mighty Earth in 2020, “The case with the most recent [rainforest] clearance, summarised in our Rapid Response report 24, involves large-scale deforestation within the group’s Marudi & Batu Belah concession in Sarawak. Satellite imagery shows that, in 2019, Samling was responsible for 403 hectares of deforestation within the concession. In the four years prior, from 2014-2018, 4,560 hectares of high density (>75%) tree cover was lost in the concession, according to Global Forest Watch”. The Rapid Response report identifies this concession by the number LPF 0008, i.e. the same concession from which some of the wood for the pellet plant is sourced.Historically, Samling Group has been linked to large-scale rainforest destruction and violations of Indigenous Peoples’ rights in Sarawak, and concerns about their practices around logging, forestry concessions, and respect for Indigenous Peoples’ rights have continued to be raised in recent years. 

In Vietnam, according to an investigation by the Earth Journalism Network in 2023, “expansive deforestation in Central Vietnam is being driven by the global demand for wood pellets”. As of 2021, wood for around 70% of the pellets produced in the country was sourced from acacia plantations, according to the NGO Forest Trends. A reporter from the Earth Journalism Network states: “The fast-growing and economical acacia has spread in Central Vietnam in response to the global call for wood pellets to replace coal-fired energy. But it has left biodiversity loss and, in some cases, even death in its wake”. Again, the precise origin of the wood pellet imported from Vietnam to the Netherlands, has not been disclosed.

RWE pellet supplier Graanul Invest operates six pellet plants in Latvia, four in Estonia and one in Lithuania (as well as owning one in Texas). In 2020, an award-winning investigation by a team of investigative journalists documented that a Graanul subsidiary had  been cutting down trees in Natura 2000 areas, stating that their “goals” were “related to the supply of Graanul Invest plants” (i.e. pellet plants). Although a court ordered a temporary suspension of logging in Natura 2000 sites the following year, the Estonian National Audit Office found in 2023 that logging in protected areas undermines nature conservation. As shown in a 2022 report by BirdLife Europe and their Estonian member group, logging volumes in the country have been going up steeply since 2015. 50,000 breeding pairs of forest birds are being lost every year, with logging permitted during bird nesting season. 14% of old-growth forests have been degraded over the past decade, so that they no longer qualify as old growth. Graanul Invest, is Estonia’s single biggest wood consumer.

A 2022 BirdLife Europe report about Latvia highlighted a decline in tree cover, with logging rates having significantly increased since 2015, and the area of forest older than 20 years having been steadily declining since 2008. In Latvia, too, forests are even being clearcut in Natura 2000 areas. Several forest bird species are in steep decline, one of them (Hazel grouse) declined by 93% between 2005 and 2018. In 2021, a report by the Dutch Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) concluded that Estonian wood pellets failed to meet the Dutch biomass sustainability criteria.

Most of the wood pellets exported from Canada to the Netherlands in 2023/24 came from British Columbia. All but one of the pellet plants in the Province from which pellets are exported overseas are owned or co-owned by Drax Group. Drax has been repeatedly shown to be sourcing wood from Primary and Old Growth Forests, and to have sourced wood even from some of the rarest types of Old Growth Forest in British Columbia.