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Barro Blanco dam project Panama
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Last update: 2018-11-19 15:04:35

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The Barro Blanco Dam. Photo: Anna van Ojik, Both Ends), 2017 (used with permission)
Sector Hydroelectric Power Generation
Location
Status
Planning
Design
Agreement
Construction
Operation
Closure
Decommission
Website http://www.genisa.com.pa/en/barro-blanco/
This project has been identified as an Equator Project

About Barro Blanco dam project

The Barro Blanco dam is under construction in the Tabasara river, in the Chiriqui Provence of Panama. The dam will have a capacity of 28.85 megawatts and a reservoir surface of 2.58 square kilometres. It is being built by the Honduran owned special purpose company Genisa and is being financed by FMO, DEG and CABEI. Construction has been completed, except for testing of the facilities. As agreed upon in August 2015, operations would not start until a final agreement had been reached with the local indigenous communities.

On 22 August 2016, this agreement between the government of Panama and the representatives of the indigenous Ngabe-Bugle communities was signed. The agreement states Genisa will be removed as the dam's operator. Instead, the dam will be operated by a group of professionals, of which at least 50% is part of the local indigenous or farmer communities. However, multiple groups do not support the agreement and were not properly informed about the implications.

Latest developments

Barro Blanco dam begins operations while indigenous pleas are refused

2017-03-24 00:00:00

Panamanian Minister confirms affected communities were not informed about test flooding

2016-05-27 00:00:00

What must happen

GENISA is in violation of the banks policies and of international human rights standards. The banks should make sure this is not acceptable. They should pressure their client to stop operating the project until proper compensation has been provided and FPIC has been obtained. FMO should learn from this case that the process of engaging local communities is crucial in the projects it finances and that without the free prior and informed consent of Indigenous Peoples affected by a project, this leads to serious conflicts. They should implement a zero tolerance FPIC policy.

Impacts

Social and human rights impacts

The reservoir of the dam will flood 6.7 hectares of the indigenous territory (Annex to the Comarca) of the Ngäbe-Buglé people, Panama's largest indigenous group. The villages of Nuevo Palomar, Quebrada Caña and Kiad, with approximately 538 people, will be directly affected. Six houses, including a school, will be flooded and their inhabitants are being forcefully resettled.

The Ngäbe depend on the river for their physical and spiritual survival. They use the water for drinking and washing as well as for swimming and leisure activities. The river beds supply fertile lands which are used for agriculture, as well as for the collection of medicinal plants. Along the river cementaries and traditional sacred places, including three petroglyphes, will be flooded.

The dam will convert the Tabasará River from a running river to a stagnant lake ecosystem, resulting in significant changes to the Ngäbe’s diet and their landscape. Forced relocation of some indigenous families is expected.

There is a long-standing conflict between the Ngäbe people and the government concerning mining and the construction of dams for hydropower generation in or near their territory. The Changuinola Dam (223 MW) in the neighboring province of Bocas del Toro was completed in 2011 and resulted in numerous Ngäbe villages being flooded, with no compensation provided. Another large dam, Tabarasá 2, is planned further downstream on the Tabarasá River.

In August 2016 the testing continued and the water reached its maximum level (103m above sea level). People living in the communities at the shore of the river were again not informed of this. This means that literally from one day to the other their land and several houses were inundated. This had severe impactse: less food, no houses, more mosquitos, for a while the river was inaccessible so no drinking water, no fishing, no washing etc.

In January and February 2017 the testing was stopped and the water levels came down again. Leaving a destroyed, dirty mud surface: meaning to access to the river, destroyed land and houses.

The Environmental Impact Assessment failed to include the Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca and did not properly consult the Ngäbe communities that will be directly affected by the dam. Let alone ask for their consent. When the Ngäbe protested and requested to be heard by the president, they were instead received with bullets from the police.

As such, the State of Panama has not fulfilled its national and international obligations with respect to (i) free, prior and informed consent of indigenous communities who will be affected by development projects; (ii) protection of indigenous lands, territories, and natural resources; and (iii) protection from state-sponsored violence. Panama’s human rights failure to act include the rights to culture, physical security and integrity, land, health, subsistence, and freedom of movement and residence, as well as access to information, public participation, and justice.

Environmental and climate impacts

The environmental impact study made a very superficial analysis of the impacts on biodiversity. It failed to include the endemic Blue Tabasara rain frog, as well as several other CITES listed species, whose habitat will be flooded by the dam. The dam will also be a barrier to migrating fish and shrimps. The capacity of the plant and the surface of the lake were increased after the EIA was released, and no further studies were done to evaluate the impact of this. This project resorts under CDM, the Clean Development Mechanism, claiming a CO2 reduction of 66,750 ton equivalent. It was approved without attending to the letters of concern of the Ngäbe.

Other impacts

The construction of this dam will cause the flooding of petroglyphs and three ancestral cemeteries.

Governance

Applicable norms and standards

Equator Principles
IFC Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples
International Finance Corporation Performance Standards - 2006 Edition
International Finance Corporation Performance Standards - 2012 Edition
International Labour Organization Convention 169
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
World Commission on Dams

Timeline

Barro Blanco dam begins operations while indigenous pleas are refused

2017-03-24 00:00:00

The contentious Barro Blanco hydroelectric dam is set to begin operations within the next few weeks, defying both the relentless opposition by affected communities and the rejection last September by local indigenous authorities of a government proposed project completion agreement. According to Roberto Meana, General Administrator of Panama’s National Authority for Public Services (ASEP), the 28-megawatt gravity dam in western Panama could begin operation within days once necessary tests are finalized. The reservoir’s waters have been rising since August of last year, gradually flooding Ngäbe communities and land (Mongabay.com).

Panamanian Minister confirms affected communities were not informed about test flooding

2016-05-27 00:00:00

On 27th May 2016, Panama's Minister of Internal Affairs Milton Henríquez confirmed that the Ngäbe communities had not been properly informed about the test flooding that started three days earlier. On behalf of the National Government, the Minister apologized to the local communities for any situation that has inflicted confusion.

Flooding of reservoir begins, Indigenous territories to be inundated

2016-05-25 00:00:00

On 24th May 2016, Barro Blanco's floodgates were closed. As part of a testing procedure the reservoir will be filled up to 103 metres above sea level, resulting in the inundation of more than six hectares of Ngäbe-Buglé territory. The flooding is in conflict with the agreements made by the Round Table in August 2015. Silvia Carrera, director of the Ngäbe Buglé General Congress, declared she has not been informed about the flooding.

Government signs agreement with indigenous communities on Barro Blanco

2015-08-10 00:00:00

The Panamanian government signed an agreement with the indigenous communities that are affected by the Barro Blanco project. The government committed itself to not flooding the reservoir or to initiate operations of the project until a final agreement has been reached between the conflicting parties.

Barro Blanco temporarily suspended over non-compliance with environmental impact assessment

2015-02-10 00:00:00

In a landmark decision, Panama's National Environmental Authority (ANAM) temporarily suspended the construction of the Barro Blanco hydroelectric dam yesterday over non-compliance with its Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). "We urge the banks to halt disbursement of any remaining funds until all problems are solved and the affected indigenous communities agree to the project," commented Kathrin Petz of Urgewald. - Read more.

Complaint to FMO

2014-06-19 00:00:00

The complaint to FMO's grievance mechanism has been judged as meeting the admissibility criteria and will move on to the next phase.

Complaint submitted

2014-05-07 00:00:00

Panamanian Indigenous community submits complaint to the FMO’s recently established independent grievance mechanism. For more information read the press release.

UN report

2013-07-30 00:00:00

In July James Anaya, UN special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous people visited Panama and spoke to the Ngäbe. In his report he concludes that there is a strong opposition against the dam among the Ngäbe, and that they were not properly consulted. He also said that the Barro Blanco dam is symbolic for the way indigenous people are treated in Panama when it comes to mining and hydroelectric projects.

Parliament passes mining law

2012-03-15 00:00:00

Parliament passed a modified version of the mining law that prohibits mining in the indigenous territory and requires the approval of the Ngäbe-Buglé General Congress for any future hydroelectric projects.

Ngabe protest

2012-02-28 00:00:00

The Ngäbe blocked the Interamericana highway. Two people died in clashes with the police and many more were injured.

 

Agreement between Genisa and congress of the Kadiri

2011-08-25 00:00:00

A compensation and benefits agreement was signed between Genisa and the regional congress of the Kadiri. But this agreement is contested as the whole congress was not present at that meeting. Moreover, consent by the General Congress has never been publicly obtained.

M10 movement protests

2011-03-31 00:00:00

In 2011 new legislation provided foreign companies new rights for the exploitation and acquisition of minerals in the country, including the copper reserves in the Ngäbe territories. Just days after beginning construction in March 2011, the M10 movement, representing the directly affected communities of the Barro Blanco dam, blocked the entrance to the construction site and effectively delayed the project for two months before the project was militarized and protestors forcibly displaced.

Complaint filed

2010-12-31 00:00:00

In 2010 a complaint was filed at the Environmental Advocacy Center (CIAM) against the EIA of the Tabasará II project. Late 2010, GENISA, which already had financing for Barro Blanco approved for funding by a German (DEG) and a Dutch Development bank (FMO), withdrew their application for funding from the European Investment Bank after learning that bank officials planned to visit the affected area themselves. Instead, it received funding from the Central American Bank of Economic Integration.

Genisa signes agreement on leasing of Ngabe land

2008-12-13 00:00:00

Genisa signed an agreement on leasing terms of Ngäbe land, with the Cacique. However, the Cacique was not backed by the Ngäbe General Congress, which makes the agreement invalid.

Financiers

The project is expected to cost USD 78.3 million. In 2010, GENISA, which already had financing for Barro Blanco approved by a German (DEG) and a Dutch Development bank (FMO), withdrew their application for funding from the European Investment Bank (EIB) after learning that bank officials planned to visit the affected area themselves. Instead, it received funding from the Central American Bank of Economic Integration.

 

 

Related companies

Genisa Panama

Genisa - Generadora del Istmo S. A is a Panamanian special purpose company created to build the Barro Blanco Dam.

News

| |
Type:
Year:
blog
external news
our news

Dam Lies: Despite Promises, an Indigenous Community’s Land Is Flooded

2018-03-05 | Pulitzer Center
blog
external news
our news

Panama trial of three Ngäbe leaders “a pattern” of intimidation and criminalization

2017-08-14 | Intercontinental Cry
blog
external news
our news

Barro Blanco floodings: enormous damage

2017-04-06 | Both ENDS
blog
external news
our news

Panama's Barro Blanco dam to begin operation, indigenous pleas refused

2017-03-24 | Mongabay
blog
external news
our news

Worrying new developments around Barro Blanco

2016-08-30 | Both ENDS
blog
external news
our news

Indigenous lands in Panama under threat from hydroelectric dam

2016-08-03 | Land Rights Now
blog
external news
our news

Barro Blanco: flooding suspended, international lenders pressured to act

2016-07-14 | Carbon Market Watch
blog
external news
our news

Illegal closing Barro Blanco dam puts native lands under water

2016-06-08 | SOMO
blog
external news
our news

Barro Blanco: Flooding begins on UN approved hydro dam as indigenous defenders are forcefully removed

2016-05-25
blog
external news
our news

Barro Blanco protesters injured and arrested during crackdown in Panama

2015-07-29 | intercontinentalcry.org
blog
external news
our news

Independent report: Dutch and German development banks failed to comply with environmental and human rights standards in financing the Barro Blanco dam in Panama

Indigenous communities and civil society shocked by bank's inadequate response to findings
2015-06-01 | Kiad, Panama/Amsterdam/Bogota | SOMO
blog
external news
our news

Dutch FMO pushed Panama to continue construction Barro Blanco dam

2015-05-18 | Amsterdam | Both ENDS
blog
external news
our news

Nederlandse druk op Panama om bouw dam

2015-05-17 | Volkskrant
blog
external news
our news

Panama Suspends Construction of FMO-funded Barro Blanco hydroelectric dam over environmental and human rights abuses

Panamanian indigenous community celebrates the decision
2015-02-11 | Panama | SOMO
blog
external news
our news

UN registered Barro Blanco hydroelectric dam temporarily suspended over non-compliance with environmental impact assessment

2015-02-10 | intercontinentalcry.org
blog
external news
our news

First complaint to Dutch development bank FMO admitted

The Independent Complaints Mechanism of the FMO will examine the Barro Blanco dam in Panama.
2014-06-13 | Kiad, Panama / Amsterdam, Netherlands | Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) & Both ENDS
blog
external news
our news

Complaint filed against Dutch development bank FMO for funding the Barro Blanco dam in Panama

2014-05-07 | Netherlands
blog
external news
our news

Complaint filed against Dutch development bank FMO for funding the Barro Blanco dam in Panama

Panamanian indigenous community submits complaint to FMO’s independent grievance mechanism
2014-05-07 | Kiad, Panama / Amsterdam | SOMO, Both ENDS
blog
external news
our news

Confrontatie dreigt bij Barro Blanco dam in Panama

2014-02-18 | Both Ends
blog
external news
our news

Panama: Indigenous communities face imminent eviction

2014-02-17 | Intercontinental Cry
blog
external news
our news

Panama: Dam Promises or Dam Lies?

2014-02-07
blog
external news
our news

UN Asked to Investigate Human Rights Violations Caused by Panama’s Barro Blanco Dam

2013-06-18 | Earth Justice
blog
external news
our news

Panama: Time is running out for Tabasara communities

2013-03-10 | Intercontinental Cry
blog
external news
our news

Hidroelectricas en la comarca

2012-02-08 | La Prensa

Documents

Type:
Year:
bank documents
2017-08-07 00:00:00

Questions and Answers on the Barro Blanco Hydropower Project in Panama

2017-08-07 00:00:00 | FMO
bank documents
2016-08-26 00:00:00

FMO welcomes agreement on Barro Blanco

2016-08-26 00:00:00 | FMO
other documents
2016-08-22 00:00:00

Acuerdo de la Mesa de Dialogo del Proyecto Hidroelectrico de Barro Blanco

Final Agreement (Spanish)
2016-08-22 00:00:00 | Government of Panama and the Representatives of the Ngabe-Bugle community
correspondence
2016-06-01 00:00:00

Open Letter to the President of Panama: Immediate suspension of test flooding in Barro Blanco

2016-06-01 00:00:00 | Group of NGOs
bank documents
2016-05-24 00:00:00

FMO statement on filling of reservoir Barro Blanco

2016-05-24 00:00:00 | FMO
other documents
2015-11-10 00:00:00

Beantwoording Kamervragen over de Barro Blanco dam in Panama

2015-11-10 00:00:00 | Minister Ploumen
other documents
2015-08-10 00:00:00

2015 Agreements between Government of Panama and indigenous leaders

2015-08-10 00:00:00
bank documents
2015-05-29 00:00:00

DEG and FMO Management Response to the Independent Expert Panel’s Compliance Review Report regarding the Complaint on the Investment in the Barro Blanco Hydroelectric Project

2015-05-29 00:00:00 | FMO/DEG
bank documents
2015-05-29 00:00:00

Report on Barro Blanco Hydroelectric Project Panama

2015-05-29 00:00:00 | FMO-DEG Independent Complaints Mechanism
bank documents
2015-05-18 00:00:00

FMO' s reaction to article in De Volkskrant

2015-05-18 00:00:00 | FMO
other documents
2014-02-18 00:00:00

Urgent Appeal to UN Special Rapporteurs on imminent forced eviction of indigenous people

2014-02-18 00:00:00 | M10, Earthjustice, AIDA, CIEL
other documents
2014-02-09 00:00:00

Open letter from the M10 to bank representatives

2014-02-09 00:00:00
other documents
2013-09-06 00:00:00

Peritaje independiente al proyecto hidroeléctrico Barro Blanco

2013-09-06 00:00:00 | UNDP
other documents
2013-07-26 00:00:00

Declaración del Relator Especial sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas al concluir su visita oficial a Panamá

2013-07-26 00:00:00 | United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous People
other documents
2012-10-31 00:00:00

Beantwoording Kamervragen over door FMO gefinancierde dam in Panama

2012-10-31 00:00:00 | Staatssecretaris van Buitenlandse Zaken

Media

Video links

http://www.soclosetothesky.com/kiad#title
http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2012/03/20123208464402131.html

Links

Carbon Market Watch on Barro Blanco and CDM

http://carbonmarketwatch.org/category/barro-blanco-large-hydro-project-panama/

Barro Blanco Genisa

Genisa

http://www.genisa.com.pa/

Barro Blanco

FMO's webpage on Barro Blanco

https://www.fmo.nl/barro-blanco

UNFCCC: Barro Blanco

UNFCCC page on the Barro Blanco Dam project

http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/AENOR1261468057.59/view

Panama: Village of the damned

Documentary by Aljazeera

http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2012/03/20123208464402131.html

Chiriqui Natural

Social and Environmental news from the Ngäbe Buglé Region, Chiriquí Province and the Republic of Panama. 

http://chiriquinatural.blogspot.nl/2013/04/comunicado-del-13-de-abrirl-2013.html

International Rivers' webpage on Barro Blanco

Chronology of Events for Barro Blanco Dam.

https://www.internationalrivers.org/es/node/7950

Earth Justice page on Barro Blanco

https://earthjustice.org/our_work/cases/2013/challenging-a-panamanian-dam-project-for-violating-indigenous-rights

Both ENDS' page on Barro Blanco

http://www.bothends.org/en/News/Our-stories-oud/Barro-Blanco/

Brief history

In 1981 plans existed for two dams in the Tabasara river: Tabasará 1 (200 MW and 7,200 ha lake) and Tabasará 2. Both meant to provide energy to the Cerro Colorado copper and gold mining project. But after heavy protests from the Ngäbe indigenous people, both the mine and the dam projects were canceled. A new attempt was made in 1997 by a different consortium. Again the Ngäbe protested, organized in the M10 movement, and in 2000 the Panama Supreme Court suspended the projects for lack of Indigenous participation.

In 2006 the special purpose company Genisa won a governmental concession to develop a smaller dam at the location where Tabasará 1 was once planned. This new project was renamed Barro Blanco. In 2007 Genisa commissioned an Environmental Impact Study, which was approved by the Panamanian Environmental Authority (ANAM) in May 2008. In May 2009 Genisa requested a modification of the permit to increase the capacity from 19 to 28.8 Megawatt. This also meant an increase of the dam wall from 42 to 61 meters and of the maximum flood level from 103 to 108.25 meters above sea level. In January 2010 ANAM approved the modification without any new impact studies or consultations.

In 2008 Genisa applied for carbon credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), established under the Kyoto Protocol. This was approved in June 2011, despite the concerns local and international NGOs communicated to the CDM Board.

Strong protests by the Ngäbe led to the creation of a Round Table, with the purpose to come to a mutual accepted agreement about the future of Barro Blanco, under coordination of the UNDP, and with participation of the Catholic Church, government and Ngäbe representatives. This Round Table made an independent field study to assess the social and environmental impacts. It published a report on its findings in 2013. Construction of the dam was expected to finish in May 2014. However the project was temporarily suspended due to non-compliance with its Environmental Impact Assessment. Panamanian authorities started an investigation.

In September 2015 the suspension was lifted after the investigation was concluded. Genisa was sanctioned with a USD 775,000 fine. Although it was officially recognised that public consultation had been inadequate, construction was allowed to be continued.

On 24 May 2016, the dam's floodgates were closed as part of the final testing procedure. Contrary to the Round Table agreements (which were also never officially ratified) made in August 2015, the reservoir was being filled and water would rise up to the 103 metres above sea level peak. This should not have taken place until the agreements were officially ratified. Before reaching this peak, the Government of Panama suspended the testing procedure. Water level would be maintained at 87.5 metres above sea level until further agreement had been reached. Inundated forest had already started decaying, destroying local ecosystems.

On 22 August 2016, a final agreement was signed between the government of Panama and the representatives of the indigenous Ngabe-Bugle communities. Although not all communities supported the agreement, the testing procedures have been resumed without warning. This has caused the inundation of houses, farm land and access roads in multiple communities.

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