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New report: biofuel 'wonder-crop' Jatropha fails to deliver Jan 20, 2011 | Rainforest Action Network The much-touted biofuel crop jatropha is neither a profitable nor a sustainable investment, according to a new report released… |
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Agriculture
Agriculture
Main
News
Documents
Including soy, palm Oil, sugarcane, biofuels, cocoa, coffee, tea and cotton
Rice fields of Tamil Nadu, India (source: www.pbs.org)
what is at stake
The world's population critically depends on the continued ability of farmers to produce enough food to meet global needs. Although millions of farmers are still engaged in subsistence and locally-based agriculture, the production of agricultural commodities and food products for (international) trade is rapidly expanding. This is due in part to changing consumption patterns of the burgeoning middle class in upcoming markets (such as the BRICs: Brazil, Russia, India and China), whose consumption of animal products and processed foods intake increasingly resemble that of their counterparts in industrialised countries. Another factor that has contributed to the strong surge in demand for agricultural commodities is the recent trend of government mandates to increase biofuels consumption, which is made from palm oil, corn, sugarcane or other food crops.
The steep rise in global demand deepens the already existing significant environmental, economic and social problems related to the agriculture sector.
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Environmental issues
- To meet the increasing demand for agricultural commodities, many natural ecosystems and habitats are threatened with conversion. Recent satellite images show almost half of the world's 17,000 major nature reserves are heavily impacted by agricultural activities
- The agricultural sector accounts for significant contributions of global emissions greenhouse gas emissions, due to the use of fertilizers, methane emissions of rice fields and cattle and -according to a study by Delft Hydraulics- through conversion of natural ecosystems, such as drainage of peat lands and deforestation;
- The role of live-stock farming and poultry production in global emissions of greenhouse gasses is particularly large. According to a report by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the global production of milk, meat and eggs contributes 18% to the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans (expressed in CO2-equivalents), through emissions of CO2, NH4 and N2O.
- The live-stock and poultry sector is also responsible for 64% of human-made ammonia-emissions, contributing to acid rain and acidification of ecosystems. Moreover, the live-stock sector uses 70% of all agricultural lands on earth and 8% of all water used. Global figures are not available, but the contribution to water pollution of the life-stock sector through the use of antibiotics, hormones, sediments, fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals is enormous.
- Intensive life-stock and poultry farming has been shown to be an important vector for the spread of disease.
- The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture leads to pollution of stock and loss of biodiversity. GMO-use also has adverse social effects, such as making small farmers dependent on a handful of large enterprises for the supply of their seeds, pesticides and fertilizers;
- The development of an export-oriented agricultural sector is often accompanied by the expansion of roads, railways and waterways, which can have considerable impacts on ecosystems (e.g. by facilitating the access by poachers and loggers.
Social issues
- In certain areas, the expansion of agricultural production is often realised through the appropriation of lands to which local or indigenous communities have legal or customary rights. These communities are thereby deprived of their territories and sources of income and livelihoods. The appropriation of local lands previously governed under customary law often increases the feminization of poverty. Because many customary laws do not allow women to own or inherit land, it is usually men who receive land titles or compensation when governments or companies appropriate the land for extractive or infrastructure projects;
- In many countries labour conditions in the production of agricultural commodities often violate basic labour rights that proscribe forced labour, child labour, indentured servitude, and dangerous working conditions.
- Many of the problems mentioned disproportionately impact women and girls, due to traditional gender divisions of labour. Thus, soil and water pollution due to the use of pesticides impact women's health. Famine and poor nutrition hit women and girls the hardest, because it is often women who go without food in families when food is scarce. Because women predominate in the agriculture industry in many countries, they are often the first fired and last rehired when local markets are eroded.
Economic issues
- The macro-economic impacts of the agricultural sector are often unfavourable to developing countries due to adverse terms of trade, developed country subsidies and dumping practices, and the uneven distribution of power in the supply chain.
- The substantial increase in food prices in the last few years has pushed more people in developing countries into severe poverty. The number of people that lack sufficient nutrition on a daily basis has grown to 1 billion worldwide.
- The agricultural sector plays a major role in achieving the first of the Millennium Development Goals: ending poverty and hunger in the world. In order to give all world citizens a sufficient and healthy diet, and enable economic development of developing countries, unfavourable trade conditions of crops need to be changed, and unfair subsidies and dumping practices forbidden. The use of agricultural lands for production of biofuels and animal feed should be discouraged, as this threatens food production for local use and hence the right to food security.
One of the most important challenges the world is facing is to secure the right to food and food sovereignty of almost 7 billion people, and to do so in a socially and environmentally sustainable manner. This is a shared responsibility for all players in the agricultural and food sectors - from farmers to traders, transporters, processors, and retailers. Banks active in the agricultural sector should develop a comprehensive agriculture policy that addresses these issues.
selected standards and initiatives
- Go to commodity standards: Soy, Palm Oil, Sugarcane, Biofuels, Cocoa, Coffee, Tea and Cotton-
Over the last decade, various efforts have been made to develop standards in the agriculture and food sectors, both on a general, sector-wide level as for specific agricultural crops and commodities. These include:
Sustainability certification
The demand for sustainably produced agricultural products is growing, yet there is no general agreement on what defines ‘sustainable agriculture'. There is now a proliferation of labelling initiatives of products, based on different sustainability criteria - including environmental, social and fair trade issues. The differences in terminology used - including organic, biological, fair trade, GMO-free and reduced impact - makes the market for sustainable agriculture products somewhat opaque.
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- In February 2008, the
Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) published the Sustainable
Agriculture Standards. The norms are based on guidelines from institutions
including the United Nations, the European Union and the International Labour
Organisation, and are endorsed by the Rainforest
Alliance. The standards contain 14 criteria for sustainable agriculture
(e.g. on waste management, labour conditions, health and safety, use of
chemical and biological fertilizers and genetically manipulated seeds). Next to
the standards, SAN developed the Farm
Certification Criteria and a list
of prohibited pesticides. Both are used in the certification process of
sustainable agricultural companies. SAN is also working on a complimentary
sustainable cattle ranching standard, covering specific topics and adapting
earlier SAN standards on water and waste management on cattle farms.
- For organic agriculture,
the International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements (IFOAM) has
developed the Norms
for Organic Production and Processing. These consist of the IFOAM
Basic Standards for Organic Production and Processing and the corresponding
Accreditation
Criteria. All producers in the world, who comply with the IFOAM norms are
included in the Organic
Guarantee System.
- Fairtrade certification
aims to guarantee a fair price to the primary producers. The Fairtrade
Labelling Organizations International (FLO) is an association of 20 Labelling Initiatives that promote and
market the Fairtrade label in their countries. Products carrying the Fairtrade
label are certified to meet the Fairtrade Production and Trade
Standards, covering both generic standards (e.g. with respect to investment
in local economies and diminishing waste) and a large variety of product
specific standards (e.g. with respect to minimum pricing and quality
standards).
- The Responsible Commodities
Initiative (RCI), founded by the Sustainable
Food Laboratory, which is supported by the United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Institute Sustainable Development
(IISD), is a multi-stakeholder initiative that aims to stimulate the
sustainable production of agricultural produce. The RCI developed the RCI-Benchmark tool,
which allows users to measure improvements in environmental and social
indicators within agricultural product chains and facilitates the development
of crop specific sustainability standards.
- Although the Iniciativa Brasileira only deals with the agricultural sector in Brazil, it is a best practice example of a multi-stakeholder and multi-sector initiative that could be followed internationally. The initiative aims to encourage social and environmental changes in the Brazilian agricultural sector, reducing its impacts and creating conditions for a transparent system of voluntary verification and independent certification. The process of developing these standards is on-going, with the second consultation version of the Verification Principles and Criteria published in July 2009.
Market concentration
The previously described problems in the agricultural sector are perpetuated by import requirements (e.g. low prices and high volumes) of companies in the middle of the chain - large commodity traders and food processors - and at the end of the chain - retailers.
Because of market concentration and, in a number of cases, collusion in these parts of the product chains, competition and margins of small producers early in the chain are under pressure. This contravenes important economic principles such as a fair price and fair purchasing practices. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises state that an enterprise should abstain from agreements with competitors with respect to:
- prices;
- production quota;
- division of clients, suppliers, markets of sales channels.
Protected areas
Agricultural activities are generally not allowed in any of the protected areas covered by categories I-IV defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and areas identified by the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
The High Conservation Value (HCV) concept was originally devised in the context of forest certification (High Conservation Value Forests or HCVF), but it is also applicable to all kinds of ecosystems and habitats. The HCV Resource Network has developed national implementation guidance, local projects, trainings and workshops.
See the issue page on Biodiversity.
Genetically Modified Organisms
The Cartagena Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity sets out labelling and notification provisions with respect to GMOs, and the traceability of GMOs in the process chain. For example, trade in living modified organisms is prohibited without the approval of the importing country. Signatories are also supposed to apply the precautionary principle to the production and use of GMOs. As technologies and new knowledge about GMOs are in constant development, the parties to the Protocol continue to address and develop standards with respect to GMOs.
See the issue page on Biodiversity.
Land rights of local and
indigenous communities
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples grants indigenous peoples rights to the lands, territories and resources that they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired. Agricultural companies need to respect and guarantee the rights of indigenous peoples to protect their land, societies, cultures and livelihoods, by respecting their rights and acknowledging their sovereignty and self-determination.
This same principle is also acknowledged in the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), which addresses the fair and equitable use of biodiversity resources, and requires that the traditional knowledge of indigenous and local communities may only be used with their explicit "approval".
Amplifying the protection of land and territorial rights, the United Nations Economic and Social Council, in its Working Paper on FPIC has described the right of indigenous peoples to Free, Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) with respect to all developments affecting their lands and natural resources.
See the issue page on Indigenous peoples.
Rights of women and girls
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly. It provides the basis for realizing equality between women and men through ensuring women's equal access to, and equal opportunities in, political and public life. Acknowledging their own responsibility in this field, companies and banks active in the agricultural sector should promote women's social and economic rights; ensure safe and healthy working conditions for women workers; ensure equal compensation for both men and women when land and property are appropriated; acknowledge and value both women's paid work and women's unpaid reproductive labour within households.
Labour rights
Working conditions in the agricultural and food sector are often poor. Wages are generally low and bargaining rights regularly disrespected. Adherence to best international standards on labour rights therefore is very important. Best international standards are currently embodied in the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and the Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy. March 2006.
See the issue page on Labour.
Pesticides
Regarding the use of pesticides the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) issued the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, setting out voluntary, internationally accepted standards for the handling, storage, use and disposal of pesticides.
See the issue page on Toxics.
Animal well-being
The European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes (accepted in 1976 and revised in 1992 by the European Council) puts minimum guidelines for livestock farming. The European Convention for the Protection of Animals during International Transport (accepted in 1968 and revised in 2003 by the European Council) puts guidelines for transport of animals. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)- the intergovernmental organisation responsible for improving animal health worldwide-has adopted five animal welfare standards for inclusion in the OIE Terrestrial Code. Finally, the Norms for Organic Production and Processing include rigorous standards for animal welfare.
Specific commodity
standards
For a range of important agricultural products, guidelines for sustainable production and trade are, or are currently being, developed. These guidelines are increasingly developed by so-called multi-stakeholder initiatives or roundtables, which include researchers, companies active in the sector, financial institutions, civil society organisations and other relevant stakeholders.
Although these initiatives attempt to set relevant standards for specific crops, it remains to be seen in how far the various roundtables will achieve their goal of making the global production of a specific crop sustainable. Not all the initiatives sufficiently include the different voices of civil organisations (or sometimes not at all in the industry-led initiatives which also claim to be roundtables). Even where social and environmental interests are sufficiently acknowledged, the roundtable process obviously leads to compromises with other interests. All roundtables also struggle very hard with controlling and maintaining the agreed standards and setting up effective accountability mechanisms.
For these reasons the roundtables are not acknowledged by all relevant social and environmental organisations as authorative and legitimate. The standards set by the roundtables should therefore be seen as first steps in a process, which need to be further developed in dialogue with, and endorsed by all relevant stakeholders. For now, they generally lack sufficient rigor to be considered adequate sustainability standards. Nevertheless, they provide some guidance on what is considered best practice when benchmarking companies active in this specific commodity sector.
The most important examples of specific commodity standards set by roundtables are:
- Soy: Large scale soy production causes serious environmental and social damage,
mainly in Latin America. The Basel
Criteria for Responsible Soy Production, developed by WWF and Coop Switzerland,
provide standards and guidelines for legislation, environmental management and
traceability. The Basel Criteria are further refined in the widely used ProTerra
Standard.
Other standards for responsible soy are the Sustainable Agriculture Network Standard (SAN), Fairtrade Production and Trade Standards, organic farming standards, EcoSocial certification and the Social Responsibility Criteria for Companies that Purchase Soy and Soy Products, developed by the Brazilian Soy Platform, which also puts a clear responsibility with banks and other financial institutions that invest in soy producers.
The Roundtable for Responsible Soy (RTRS), founded by organisations and industries in the soy sector, aims to stimulate more responsible soy production, with less stringent requirements than Basel Criteria and other standards. The temporary RTRS Principles & Criteria for Field Testing that RTRS convened in April 2009, recognize the environmental and social problems in the soy chain.
The Amazon Moratorium is an initiative of Brazilian soy processors and traders. Under pressure from Greenpeace the sector decided in June 2006 to no longer buy soybeans from land that was deforested in the Amazon rainforest after July 24, 2006 or from farms which make use of forced labour. During the Moratorium the sector will work with entities representing society (mainly environmental and social NGOs) to develop and implement a governance structure with rules for operations in the Amazon Biome. The Moratorium was extended twice, the last time to July 2010.
- Palm Oil: In October 2007, the Roundtable on Sustainable
Palm Oil (RSPO) - a multi-stakeholder initiative with over 100 members
representing more than one-third of the global palm oil trade - accepted the Principles
and Criteria for Sustainable Palm Oil Production (P&C). The P&C
contain clear standards regarding environmental aspects (use of soil, water and
chemicals) and social issues (land rights, labour conditions, etc.) Based on
the RSPO P&C a certification system has been launched.
- Sugarcane: Apart from the food sector, sugar cane is increasingly used as feedstock for
the biofuel ethanol. The multi-stakeholder Better Sugarcane Initiative (BSI),
founded by WWF, unites a range of stakeholders in the sector, and has as an
objective to develop international guidelines for sustainable sugarcane
production, that can be used by companies and investors worldwide. The
initiative is still underway and currently the BSI Standard offers
few tangible norms for sustainable production.
- Biofuels: Palm oil, soy as well as sugarcane are increasingly used as feedstock for
biofuels. In October 2009, the Roundtable
on Sustainable Biofuels published a pilot testing version of Global
Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Biofuels Production, which contains
norms on social and environmental issues based on a.o. the UN and the ILO. The Sustainable Food Laboratory is also in the process of developing a
comprehensive assessment of the most sustainable sources of biofuels that
allows useful comparisons between biofuels from different agricultural crops.In
2007 a
commission in the Netherlands
developed sustainability criteria for biofuels. These so-called Cramer
Criteria were formalised in March 2009 together with the Dutch
standardization body NEN as the NTA
8080:2009 Sustainability criteria for biomass for energy purposes.
- Cocoa: The Harkin-Engel
Protocol was established in 2001 to prevent the worst forms of child labour
on cocoa plantations. Despite the adoption of the Protocol by a large section
of the industry, examples of child labour on African cocoa plantations have
continued. Furthermore, the cocoa production chain is characterised by highly
unequal power relations, which drives prices down for small cocoa farmers. In
October 2007, the first meeting of the Round
Table on a Sustainable World Cocoa Economy was held, in which farmers,
traders, processors, governments and civil society organisations came together
to tackle the sustainability issues in the cocoa sector. Other initiatives are
the World Cocoa Foundation (WCF),
which supports programs to promote sustainable cocoa farming. The Sustainable Tree
Crop Development Forum aims to shape a common agenda for the development of
sustainable cocoa, coffee and cashew tree crop systems in Africa.
- Coffee: For many years, organisations such as Max Havelaar and - more recently -
Utz Certified, focus on certifying
coffee. Max Havelaar in particular addresses the small coffee producers and assuring
minimum prices for them. The Common
Code for the Coffee Community (4C),
which came into being in 2004 and was revised in February 2008, offers an
extended framework in which both environmental and social issues are addressed.
The International Coffee Organization (ICO) has developed standards for
responsible coffee for 40 years. The latest agreement of the ICO is the International Coffee Agreement 2007.
Other coffee initiatives can be found in the Coffee
Certification Database.
- Tea: Tea production is highly labour intensive and the industry creates jobs in inaccessible
rural areas. Millions of people in the world are dependent for their
livelihoods on being involved in tea production. Prices on the tea world market
have dropped dramatically over the last 20 years, resulting in large social
problems in the production areas. The Ethical Tea Partnership,
a sector initiative of 17 traders, has monitored the labour conditions on large
tea plantations since 1997. Other certification systems are Fairtrade, Rainforest
Alliance and Utz Certified.
- Cotton: The Better Cotton Initiative (BCI) is a global multi-stakeholder initiative, involving a wide range of
representatives along the cotton & textiles value chain. In July 2009,
version 2.0 of the BCI
Global Principles, Criteria and Enabling Mechanisms was published, offering
guidelines for sustainable and fair production of cotton. These Production
Principles and Criteria will apply for an initial implementation period through
2012 and will be reviewed at the end of this period.
- Other standards: Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) and Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO) have developed crop specific standards, next to their generic standards. SAN published Additional Criteria and Indicators for cocoa and coffee. FLO developed Product Standards for coffee, tea, chocolate, vanilla, fresh fruits, rice, sugar, flowers and others. The Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform describes principles and practices for cereals, coffee, dairy, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.
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content of a bank policy
Banks play an important role in the agricultural sector, providing capital to producers and processors and as financiers of traders of agricultural produce. Banks are also directly involved in commodity trading, and may actively take part in speculation which can lead to increasing food prices. Given this role, they carry a responsibility to ensure that the sector operates in a sustainable manner. By critically selecting their clients in their investment and lending portfolios and by creating mechanisms to induce best practices, banks have the power and the responsibility to promote sustainable practices.
essential elements
The bank will only invest in companies that:
- Respect the (land) rights of local communities and indigenous peoples (see page on indigenous peoples);
- Respect basic labour rights (see page on Labour) and avoid discrimination of women;
- Work towards fair pricing schemes and fair purchasing practices.
- Do not carry out agricultural activities in protected areas and areas with a High Conservation Value (see page on Biodiversity);
- Minimise production and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and require or establish labelling and traceability of GMOs in their supply chain;
- Carefully and minimally use pesticides in producing agricultural products;
- Avoid deforestation and apply best practice technologies to ensure strong reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (see page on Climate change);
- Minimise the use of water and avoid water pollution;
- Respect minimum standards of animal welfare for farm animals during production and transport.
additional elements
A bank will:
- Engage actively in multi-stakeholder initiatives that propose standards for various agricultural products;
- Promote social and environmental certification of agricultural produce and production systems according to standards set by multi-stakeholder initiatives.
Banks may either develop an integrated agriculture policy that pays due regard to the specific characteristics of individual commodities or agricultural sectors, or develop policies that are tailored for individual commodities or agricultural sectors, as long as the content of these policies is responsive to the crosscutting issues described in other paragraphs and integrates at least the elements listed above. A bank should be able to demonstrate that the policies on individual commodities cover at least 90% of its total investments in the agriculture sector.
scores
how do we score this?
- The bank is active in this sector but has no investment policy for this sector;
-
The bank:
has only adopted or signed onto a voluntary standard or initiative (relevant for this sector); or
has developed its own policy, but it is vaguely worded without clear commitments; - The bank has developed its own policy, that includes at least half of the essential elements;
-
The bank has developed its own policy and:
this includes the essential elements in its lending and investment banking; or
this includes the essential elements in its asset management; -
The bank has developed its own policy and:
this includes the essential elements in its lending and investment banking as well as its asset management; or
this includes both the essential and additional elements in its lending and investment banking; or
this includes both the essential and additional elements in its asset management; - The bank has developed its own policy and this includes both the essential and additional elements in its lending and investment banking as well as its asset management
When the bank does not have an integrated agriculture policy but has policies on individual commodities, we will assess these policies individually and score them as a whole as described above. It is important for the specific commodity policies that they follow the commodity specific international standards listed under 'best practice' at the agriculture sector page and include at least the essential elements described.
| Netherlands | Rabobank |
3
|
|---|---|
| Australia | ANZ |
2
|
| United Kingdom | Barclays |
1
|
| United Kingdom | HSBC |
1
|
| United States | Citi |
1
|
| Spain | Santander |
1
|
| United Kingdom | Standard Chartered |
1
|
| Germany | WestLB |
1
|
| Brazil | Itaú-Unibanco |
0
|
| China | Industrial Commercial Bank of China |
0
|
| Netherlands | ING Group |
0
|
| Italy | Intesa Sanpaolo |
0
|
| United States | JPMorgan Chase |
0
|
| Canada | RBC |
0
|
| Australia | Westpac |
0
|
| Italy | UniCredit Group |
0
|
| Switzerland | UBS |
0
|
| South Africa | Nedbank |
0
|
| Belgium | KBC |
0
|
| Germany | Deutsche Bank |
0
|
| China | Bank of China |
0
|
| Japan | Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ |
0
|
| United States | Bank of America |
0
|
| Brazil | Banco do Brasil |
0
|
| China | Agricultural Bank of China |
0
|
| Brazil | Banco Bradesco |
0
|
| Spain | BBVA |
0
|
| France | BNP Paribas |
0
|
| Germany | DekaBank |
0
|
| Netherlands | ABN AMRO |
0
|
| Denmark | Danske Bank |
0
|
| Switzerland | Credit Suisse |
0
|
| China | China Construction Bank |
0
|
| France | Crédit Agricole |
0
|
| United States | Goldman Sachs |
0
|
analysis scores agriculture
Only nine banks are accredited points for their policies regarding the agricultural sector. Generally, these policies do not include enough essential elements to be accredited more than one point. The scope of some policies is limited to a selection of crops such as soy or palm oil, and not all policies are disclosed to the public.
Only Rabobank has developed a separate sector policy on agriculture. Seven supply chain position papers for agricultural commodities act as a supplement to its Credit Manual. The Rabobank Animal Welfare Statement and Rabobank Approach to Gene Technology cover the elements on animal well being and use of genetically modified organisms. Taken together, these documents constitute a rather good policy on agriculture.
our publications
|
Jatropha: money doesn’t grow on trees Jan 21, 2011 | Foe Europe ten reasons why jatropha is neither a profitable nor sustainable investment |
csr policies
|
Corporate Social Responsibility: Sector Policy - Palm Oil Dec 27, 2010 | BNP Paribas |
|
Summary of Oil and Gas Policy Oct 20, 2010 | Credit Suisse Summaries of policies for forestry, mining, oil and gas, palm oil, hydropower. |
|
Rabobank's position on Cocao Apr 21, 2010 | Rabobank group |
|
Rabobank's position on Coffee Apr 21, 2010 | Rabobank group |
|
Rabobank's position on Cotton Apr 21, 2010 | Rabobank Group |
|
Rabobank's position on Biofuels Apr 21, 2010 | Rabobank |
|
Rabobank's position on Palm Oil Apr 21, 2010 | Rabobank Group |
|
Rabobank's position on Sugarcane Apr 21, 2010 | Rabobank Group |
|
Rabobank's position on Soy Apr 21, 2010 | Rabobank |
|
Rabobank's position on Wild catch Apr 21, 2010 | Rabobank |
|
Animal welfare statement Jun 15, 2009 | Rabobank Group position paper on animal welfare |
|
Position statement on tobacco Mar 20, 2009 | Standard Chartered sector position paper |
|
Position statement on biofuels Mar 20, 2009 | Standard Chartered sector position paper |
|
Soy Supply Chain Policy Jan 22, 2008 | Rabobank Soy Supply Chain Policy |
